| 翻訳と辞書 |
| Turkey Company ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Levant Company
The Levant Company, was an English chartered company formed in 1592, the charter of 11 September 1581 was good for seven years; it was not renewed when it expired in 1588.〔T. S. Willan, "Some Aspects of English Trade with the Levant in the Sixteenth Century". ''The English Historical Review'' 70.276 (July 1955), pp.399–410, p.405.〕 It was granted to Edward Osborne, Richard Staper, Thomas Smith and William Garret with the purpose of regulating English trade with Turkey and the Levant; it remained in continuous existence until superseded in 1825. A member of the Company was known as a Turkey Merchant. Its charter was approved by Queen Elizabeth I as a result of the merger between the Venice Company (1583) and the Turkey Company (1581), following the expiration of their charters, as she was anxious to maintain trade and political alliances with the Ottoman Empire.〔Kenneth R. Andrews (1964), Elizabethan Privateering 1583-1603, Cambridge University Press〕
==Origins==
Its origins lay in the Italian trade with Constantinople, and the wars against the Turk in Hungary, although a parallel was routed to Morrocco and the Barbary Coast on a similar trade winds as early as 1413.〔Rymer, Foedera, viii, p.732; Wood, p.〕 The collapse of the Venetian empire, high tarriffs, and defeat of the Genoese at Scio and Chios had left a vacuum that was filled by a few intrepid adventurers in their own Cog vessels with endeavour to reopen trade with the East on their own accounts.〔privateer merchant ships recorded as setting out from England included, Anne (1446), Katherine Sturmy (1457), (Lipson, Economic, I, p.505); Antony (1478), Mary de Toowre (1482), (Power and Postan, p.45.); Jesus of Lubeck (1552), Mary Gonson (1552), Williamson, (Maritime Entreprise, p.223)〕 Following a decline in trade with the Levant over a number of decades, several London merchants petitioned Queen Elizabeth I in 1580 for a charter to guarantee exclusivity when trading in that region.〔The London Port Books from the 1560s and 1570s do not record any shipments by English merchants to or from the Levant, when Venice filled the role of intermediary and Antwerp retained its position as entrepôt. (Willan 1955:400ff).〕 In 1580 a treaty was signed between England and the Ottoman Empire, giving English merchants trading rights similar to those enjoyed by French merchants. In 1582 William Harborne, an English merchant who had carried out most of the treaty negotiations in Constantinople to french protestations. But by 1586 Harborne was appointed 'Her Majesty's ambassador' to the Ottoman Empire, with all his expenses (including gifts given to the Sultan and his court) to be paid by the Levant Company.〔Michael Strachan, "The life and Adventures of Thomas Coryate", OUP, 1962.〕 When the charters of both the Venice Company and the Turkey Company expired, both companies were merged into the Levant Company in 1592 after Queen Elizabeth I approved its charter as part of her diplomacy with the Ottoman Empire.〔
The Company had no colonial aspirations, but rather established "factories" (trading centers) in already-established commercial centers, such as the Levant Factory in Aleppo, as well as Constantinople, Alexandria and Smyrna. Throughout the Company's history, Aleppo served as headquarters for the whole company in the Middle East. By 1588, the Levant Company had been converted to a regulated monopoly on an established trade, from its initial character as a joint-stock company. The prime movers in the conversion were Sir Edward Osborne and Richard Staper. A new charter was granted in January 1592, and by 1595 its character as a regulated company had become clear.〔Willan 1955:405–07.〕 In the early days of the company there were threats not just from Barbary pirates but during the war with Spain in 1586, 1590 and 1591 they successfully repelled Spanish galleys in attempts to capture their cargo. The Company as a result though had heavily armed ships some of which were used during the Spanish Armada campaign.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Levant Company」の詳細全文を読む
スポンサード リンク
| 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース |
Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.
|
|